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The flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland was the largest of a series of flights and expulsions of Germans in Europe during and after World War II. The German population fled or was expelled from all regions which are currently within the territorial boundaries of Poland, including the former eastern territories of Germany and parts of pre-war Poland. During World War II, expulsions were initiated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland. The Germans deported 2.478 million Polish citizens from the Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany,〔''Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN''. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 2004,pages 811–812 (volume 8), s. 709 (volume 6). ISBN 83-01-14179-4〕 murdered another 5.38–5.58 million Polish Jews and ethnic Poles, and resettled 1.3 million ethnic Germans in their place.〔Piotr Eberhardt, ''Political Migrations in Poland, 1939-1948'', Warsaw 2006, p.22〕 Around 500,000 Germans were stationed in Poland as part of occupation force; these consisted of people such as clerks, technicians and support staff.〔 The German population east of Oder-Neisse was estimated at over 11 million in early 1945.〔"Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa". In ''Verbindung mit A. Diestelkamp (al. )'' bearb. von T. Schieder Bonn, Hrsg. vom Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, 1953 pages 78 and 155〕 The first mass flight of Germans followed the Red Army's advance and was composed of both spontaneous flight driven by rumours of Soviet atrocities, and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 and continuing through to the spring of 1945.〔Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski, ''Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study'', Lexington Books, 2007, pp.100,101 ISBN 0-7391-1607-X ()〕 Overall about 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population east of the Oder–Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.〔Spieler, Silke. ed. ''Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948''. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989). ISBN 3-88557-067-X. Pages 23–41〕 In 1945, the eastern territories of Germany as well as Polish areas annexed by Germany were occupied by the Soviet Red Army and Polish Communist military forces. German civilians were also sent as "reparations labor" to the USSR.〔Pavel Polian-''Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR'' Central European University Press 2003 ISBN 963-9241-68-7 Pages 286-293〕 The Soviet Union transferred former German territories in the east of the Oder–Neisse line to Poland in July 1945. In mid-1945, 4.5 to 4.6 million Germans remained on the territories under Polish control.〔(''Polski w XX wieku'' ) Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warszawa : Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN, 2005. Pages 455-460 and page 466]〕 Early expulsions in Poland were undertaken by the Polish Communist military authorities〔Philipp Ther, ''Deutsche Und Polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in SBZ/ddr und in Polen 1945-1956'', 1998, p.56, ISBN 3-525-35790-7: From June until mid July, Polish military and militia expelled nearly all people from the districts immediately east of the rivers (line )〕 even before the Potsdam Conference ("wild expulsions"), to ensure the later integration into an ethnically homogeneous Poland〔Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, ''Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present'', 2005, p. 197, ISBN 1-57607-796-9, ISBN 978-1-57607-796-2〕 as envisioned by the Polish Communists.〔Naimark, ''Russian in Germany''. p. 75 reference 31:" a citation from the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Polish Workers Party, May 20–21, 1945."〕 Between seven hundred and eight hundred thousand Germans were affected.〔 By early 1946, 932,000 had been verified as having Polish nationality. In the February 1946 census, 2,288,000 persons were listed as Germans and 417,400 became subject to verification aiming at the establishment of nationality.〔(Ludność Polski w XX wieku / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warszawa : Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN, 2005. Page 312 and Pages 452 to 466 )〕 From the spring of 1946 the expulsions gradually became better organised, affecting the remaining German population.〔 By 1950, 3,155,000 German civilians had been expelled and 1,043,550 were naturalised as Polish citizens.〔Pitor Eberhardt in POLITICAL MIGRATIONS IN POLAND 1939-1948 pages 44–45〕 Germans considered "indispensable" for the Polish economy were retained; virtually all had left by 1960. Some 200,000 Germans in Poland were employed as forced labor in communist-administered camps prior to being expelled from Poland.〔(Polski w XX wieku / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warszawa : Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN, 2005. Page 312 )〕 Besides large camps, some of which were re-used German concentration camps, numerous other forced labour, punitive and internment camps, urban ghettos, and detention centres sometimes consisting only of a small cellar were set up. The attitude of Polish civilians, many of whom had experienced brutalities during the preceding German occupation, was varied.〔Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present, 2005, p.198, ISBN 1-57607-796-9, ISBN 978-1-57607-796-2〕 There were incidents when Poles, even freed slave labourers, protected Germans, for example by disguising them as Poles.〔 The attitude of the Soviet soldiers was ambivalent. Many committed numerous atrocities, most prominently rapes and murders,〔Earl R. Beck, ''Under the Bombs: The German Home Front'', 1942-1945, University Press of Kentucky, 1999, p. 176, ISBN 0-8131-0977-9〕 and did not always distinguish between Poles and Germans, often mistreating them alike.〔 Other Soviets were taken aback by the brutal treatment of the Germans and engaged in their protection.〔 According to the West German Schieder commission of 1953, the civilian death toll was 2 million.〔Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa. Band 1 In Verbindung mit A. Diestelkamp (al. ) bearb. von T. Schieder Bonn, Hrsg. vom Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, 1953 pages 160〕 However, in 1974 the German Federal Archives estimated a death toll of about 400,000.〔Spieler, Silke. ed. ''Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte'', Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989). ISBN 3-88557-067-X. Page〕〔(^ Ingo Haar, Straty zwiazane z wypedzeniami: stan badañ, problemy, perspektywy. Polish Diplomatic Review. 2007, nr 5 (39) Page 18 )〕〔Ingo Haar, Bevölkerungsbilanzen“ und „Vertreibungsverluste. Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung :Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007 ISBN 978-3-531-90653-9〕 West German government figures of those evacuated, migrated, or expelled by 1950 totaled 8,030,000. (6,981,000 former German territories; 290,800 from Danzig, 688,000 pre-war Poland and 170,000 Baltic Germans resettled in Poland during the war).〔''Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50''. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 Pages 38 and 45〕 Gerhard Reichling, a researcher employed by West German government, put the figure of Germans emigrating from Poland from 1951 to 1982 at 894,000; they are also considered expellees under German Federal Expellee Law.〔Gerhard Reichling. ''Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen'', Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-88557-046-7 Page 53〕 ==Background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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